Friday, September 12, 2008

华人重伦理而淡宗教 Generally Speaking, Chinese People are Not Religious

中文宗教一词,由‘宗’与‘教’二字组成。宗有‘祖宗和宗派’的意思。教有‘教化,从学入道’的意思。所以宗教较有祖宗和宗派教义的意味。而儒释道三教的三教应该是指这三流派的教义多过把它们当作宗教来看待。
中国本身思想文化传统中,没有‘宗教’。佛教传入,成为佛教用语,指的是佛陀及其弟子的教诲。其中‘宗’为佛陀弟子所传,‘教’为佛陀所说,‘宗’是‘教’的分派,共合为佛教的教理。
把‘宗教’与西方宗教概念联系起来,是基督教传入中国后的事。
很多西方人其实已经注意到华人对宗教并不注重。法国汉学家Granet观察透彻:‘以中国人的智慧,他们无须上帝的概念。’
美国著名的汉学家和中国历史家Derk Bodde (1909 - 2003)在1942年说:‘宗教理念和活动,并不是中国人生活中最重要和最令他们注目的部分。中国本身并没有产生过可以被称为宗教领袖的人物。中国文明中提供给他们精神主要粮食 的是伦理(尤其是儒家伦理),而不是宗教,至少不是那些正规,有组织的宗教。’
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Religion is known as zongjiao in Chinese. It is a compound term consists of zong, which is derived from a pictogram of an ancestral altar and most commonly denotes a "sect," and jiao, meaning "teaching." Zongjiao thus carries the connotation of "ancestral" or sectarian teachings. The term sanjiao that refers to Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, should be interpreted as ‘Three Teachings’ rather than ‘Three Religions’.
Before the late 19th Centry, Zongjiao was used as Chinese Buddhist term to mean simply the teachings of Buddha and his disciples. After the arrival of Christianity in China, the word Zongjiao was used in late 19th-century to mean Religion.
Many Westerners in fact have noticed that the Chinese people have been less concerned with religion. French sinologist Marcel Granet observed rather starkly that ‘Chinese wisdom has no need of the idea of God’.
Derk Bodde (1909 - 2003), a prominent American Sinologist and historian of China, wrote in his article ‘Dominant Ideas in the Formation of Chinese Culture’ in 1942 that the Chinese people ‘are not a people from whom religious ideas and activities constitute an all-important and absorbing part of life….China itself produced no thinker…. who could be classified as a religious leader. It is ethics (especially Confucian ethics), and not religion (at least not religion of a formal, organized type), that provided the spiritual basis in Chinese Civilization.’

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