后现代主义：人类一无所有 Postmodernism: Nothing Remains in One's Hands

后现代主义照字义是指现代主义之后的运动。现代主义一般被是对确实、原理、系统化思考、理性、个人思维的理论能力的信任的一种哲学门径。

后现代主义，一般而言，对现代主义对理性、原理、系统化思考的信心提出质疑。很多后现代主义者认为没有普世知识与道德这回事。他们也深深地怀疑能够推理与以思考来代表现实的‘自我’。

一般认为德国哲学家尼采是后现代主义之父，随之还有海德格尔、利奥陀、德里达、福柯，等等。

‘上帝已经死亡’是被广为引用的尼采之言。或者尼采这句话应该更适当的解释为‘上帝’这类的潮流（宗教的或精神的）已不足以当作道德的准则或精神了。

上帝之死可能是人类不再相信宇宙秩序的其中的一种述说，因为人类不再承认这种秩序了。尼采说，上帝之死不但会导致对宇宙或物质秩序的信仰的舍弃，也会导致对绝对价值本身的舍弃 – 那些把所有人类个体相连起来的客观的、普世的道德法则的舍弃。就这样，失去了道德的绝对依据，导致虚无主义。这虚无主义正是尼采重新评估人类价值的根基所要寻找的解决方案。对尼采而言，那是寻找比基督价值还要深刻的根基。

在西方历史里，这是思想家首次对理性与宗教严重的质问。当这些问题开始被广泛注意，人们开始绝望，虚无主义跟着蔓延。

看来，那些习惯于哲学始于惊异的人，现在应该认真地关注忧患的智慧了。

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Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement'. Modernism is usually portrayed as a philosophical approach that has a faith in certainty, principles, systematic thinking, rationality, and the theoretical powers of the thinking individual.

Post-modernism, generally speaking, puts into question modernism's confidence in rationality, principles, and systematic thinking. Many post-modernists think that there cannot be universal knowledge or ethics. There is also a deep suspicion of the ‘self’ who is able to reason and represent reality through thought.

German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is often called the father of post-modernism, and is followed by other thinkers such as Heidegger, Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, etc.

‘God is dead’ is a widely-quoted statement by Nietzsche. It may be more appropriate to consider the statement as Nietzsche's way of saying that the ‘God’ of the times (religion and other such spirituality) is no longer a viable source of any moral code or spirit.

The death of God is a way of saying that humans are no longer able to believe in any such cosmic order since they themselves no longer recognize it. The death of God will lead, Nietzsche says, not only to the rejection of a belief of cosmic or physical order but also to a rejection of absolute values themselves — to the rejection of belief in an objective and universal moral law, binding upon all individuals. In this manner, the loss of an absolute basis for morality leads to nihilism. This nihilism is what Nietzsche worked to find a solution for by re-evaluating the foundations of human values. This meant, to Nietzsche, looking for foundations that went deeper than Christian values.

For the first time in the western history, the rationality and religion are being questioned seriously by the thinkers and when these questions do begin to become widely acknowledged, people would despair and nihilism would become rampant.

It looks like the people who are used to the philosophy that began in wonder will now need to have a serious look at the wisdom of concern.