在西方，现代主义始于文艺复兴（16世纪至17世纪中）而初尝果实于启蒙运动（17世纪中至18世纪）。文艺复兴以前，强烈的个人主义并不存在。在这个充满责任感的社会，人们为上帝与国王而生活。
文艺复兴期间，个人成为哲学的焦点。现代哲学之父笛卡儿 (1596 – 1650) 视个人为观察客体世界的主体。这个理解正好符合新的科学质询方法，在这个方法中，观察者考察与客观地寻求测量地球上所发生之事物。
启蒙运动是一个强调理性高于宗教启示或祖宗传统的欧洲哲学与科学运动。现代主义把世界看成是一个可以用观察与推理来了解的客观现实。
18世纪末期，怀疑主义者哲学家如休谟 (1711 – 1776) 对自我能客观地了解现实的能力提出了强烈质疑。为了回应怀疑主义者，康德 (1724 - 1804) 主张知识取决于人脑的构造。他对知识要符合客体这个旧看法提出了反驳。相反的，他倒反过来，认为客体要符合知识。这就是他所谓的哲学上的哥白尼式的革命。
康德要为对客观真理的持续信仰提供根据。可是他的哲学带来了一个明显的问题：‘我们如何知道人脑所有的知觉真正的会符合现实呢？’
康德没有对这个问题为我们提供一个妥当的答案，最后由此导致了后现在主义的兴起。
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In the west, modernism started with the Renaissance (16th century to mid 17th century) and achieved its early flowering under the Enlightenment (mid 17th century to 18th century). Before the Renaissance, a strong sense of individualism did not exist. People lived for God and king in a duty-filled world.
During Renaissance, philosophy itself became focused on the individual. Descartes (1596 – 1650), the father of modern philosophy, thought of individual as a subject observing the world as an object. This understanding nicely matched the new scientific method of inquiry, in which observers view and objectively seek to measure what is happening in the world.
The Enlightenment was the European movement of philosophy and science which stressed the supremacy of reason over religious revelation or ancestral tradition. Modernism perceives the world as possessing an objective reality which can be discovered through observation and reason.
During the late 18th century, sceptical philosophers such as Hume (1711 – 1776) raised serious questions about the ability of the self to objectively comprehend reality. To respond to Hume’s skepticism, Kant (1724 - 1804) argues that knowledge depends on the structure of our mind. He rebuts the old believe that our knowledge must conform to objects. Instead, he reverses it and says that objects must conform to our knowledge. This is so-called his Copernican Revolution in philosophy.
Kant wanted to provide a basis for a continued belief in objective truth. But his philosophy raised the obvious question: ‘How do we know if the perception generated by the mind truly corresponds to reality?’
Kant did not provide us with an adequate answer to this question, which ultimately led to the rise of postmodernism.
文艺复兴期间，个人成为哲学的焦点。现代哲学之父笛卡儿 (1596 – 1650) 视个人为观察客体世界的主体。这个理解正好符合新的科学质询方法，在这个方法中，观察者考察与客观地寻求测量地球上所发生之事物。
启蒙运动是一个强调理性高于宗教启示或祖宗传统的欧洲哲学与科学运动。现代主义把世界看成是一个可以用观察与推理来了解的客观现实。
18世纪末期，怀疑主义者哲学家如休谟 (1711 – 1776) 对自我能客观地了解现实的能力提出了强烈质疑。为了回应怀疑主义者，康德 (1724 - 1804) 主张知识取决于人脑的构造。他对知识要符合客体这个旧看法提出了反驳。相反的，他倒反过来，认为客体要符合知识。这就是他所谓的哲学上的哥白尼式的革命。
康德要为对客观真理的持续信仰提供根据。可是他的哲学带来了一个明显的问题：‘我们如何知道人脑所有的知觉真正的会符合现实呢？’
康德没有对这个问题为我们提供一个妥当的答案，最后由此导致了后现在主义的兴起。
.
In the west, modernism started with the Renaissance (16th century to mid 17th century) and achieved its early flowering under the Enlightenment (mid 17th century to 18th century). Before the Renaissance, a strong sense of individualism did not exist. People lived for God and king in a duty-filled world.
During Renaissance, philosophy itself became focused on the individual. Descartes (1596 – 1650), the father of modern philosophy, thought of individual as a subject observing the world as an object. This understanding nicely matched the new scientific method of inquiry, in which observers view and objectively seek to measure what is happening in the world.
The Enlightenment was the European movement of philosophy and science which stressed the supremacy of reason over religious revelation or ancestral tradition. Modernism perceives the world as possessing an objective reality which can be discovered through observation and reason.
During the late 18th century, sceptical philosophers such as Hume (1711 – 1776) raised serious questions about the ability of the self to objectively comprehend reality. To respond to Hume’s skepticism, Kant (1724 - 1804) argues that knowledge depends on the structure of our mind. He rebuts the old believe that our knowledge must conform to objects. Instead, he reverses it and says that objects must conform to our knowledge. This is so-called his Copernican Revolution in philosophy.
Kant wanted to provide a basis for a continued belief in objective truth. But his philosophy raised the obvious question: ‘How do we know if the perception generated by the mind truly corresponds to reality?’
Kant did not provide us with an adequate answer to this question, which ultimately led to the rise of postmodernism.
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