康德：形式主义的始创者？ Kant: Founder of Formalism?

我们谈过康德美感判断的四个契机。
第一，美感是无功利的。就是说我们要先觉得一样东西美丽才产生愉快，而不是有了愉快感才认为它美丽。第二和第三，美感判断具有普遍性和必然性的。普遍性和必然性是人脑想象的产物（康德把这个想象成为‘共通感’），一件物品的漂亮并没有客观特征。第四，在美感判断中，美丽东西的本身才是决定性，并应无目的的。
他也坚持审美不涉及概念。所以说花朵，天然图形，线条植物叶群中无拘束的纠缠在一起，不象征什么，也不靠什么既定概念，可也很美。
我们可以由此得出结论：在康德美的观念中，形式至关重要。事实上，这正是康德的意思。他说：适当来讲，美的判断只关形式。就是说，当我们看到一件艺术品，一个天然物品或景物，认为它美丽的话，是基于他的形式品质，而不是感悟到的内容。
就这样，康德成为现代美学哲学里所有形式主义的创始者。
.
We have noted that Kant’s aesthetic judgments have four key distinguishing features.
First, they are disinterested, meaning that we take pleasure in something because we judge it beautiful, rather than judging it beautiful because we find it pleasurable. Second and third, such judgments are both universal and necessary. Both universality and necessity are a product of features of the human mind (Kant calls these features 'common sense'), and that there is no objective property of a thing that makes it beautiful. Fourth, through aesthetic judgments, beautiful objects appear to be final without end or purpose.
He also insists that judgments of beauty do not involve concepts. It is said that flowers, free designs, lines aimlessly intertwined in each other under the name of foliage, signify nothing, do not depend on any determinate concept, and yet please.
One can therefore conclude that form seems to be of primary importance for Kant with respect to beauty. In fact, this is exactly what Kant has in mind when he says that judgment of beauty ‘should properly concern merely form.’ That is to say, when we come across a work of art, a natural object or scene and experience it to be aesthetically beautiful, this is owing to the formal qualities, not sensible content of the object.
Kant is thus the founder of all formalism in aesthetics in modern philosophy.