我们注意到西方哲学始于惊异。据说惊异是哲学家的特殊感情，因为除此之外，哲学没有其他的起点。
惊异哲学已经融入前现代哲学。哲学家如柏拉图与亚里士多德以惊异之预感来接近现实。就是说，先假设知识存在，而知识是以真理之存在作为必要条件的。
所以真理是哲学的中心课题之一。它也是最大的课题之一。几千年来，它都是一个独立存在的讨论课题。并且，哲学上很多争论都关系到真理，要不是依据真理的学说，就是暗用真理的学说。
就如亚里士多德所说：‘吾爱吾师柏拉图，吾更爱真理。’
知识论就是对知识本质与依据的研究。知识论的学说的焦点是获取知识的方法与我们如何分辨出真理与妄语。现代知识论一般干涉到理性主义与经验主义的辩论，或者关于知识的获得是先验还是后验的问题。
理性主义：知识是从推理中获得。
经验主义：知识是从经验中获得。
有神论者在很大的程度上愿意接受理性主义，相信真理可从启示、神秘、信念，等中推理获得。文艺复兴（新生）初期，真理的寻找开始由宗教转向科学。从前，真理由某些参照物来决定，如上帝、普世智慧、自然法则、理念或者自然。现在，借用普罗塔哥拉德话，人‘是万物的尺度’，或者人是万物之本。
现代世界以科学方法寻找真理。现在主义者拥有信心满足的世界观。现代主义者相信在我们感官知觉以外没有存在物，他们以他们所经验到的来决定真理。现代主义者无条件的接受客观现实，把真理看成是哪些可证明或不可证明的陈述。
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We noted that the western philosophy began in wonder. It is said that wonder is the special affection of a philosopher; for philosophy has no other starting point than this.
The philosophy of wonder is wedded to pre-modern philosophy. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle approached reality with an aura of wonder, which assumes that knowledge exists, and that knowledge is justified according to the necessary conditions of it being true.
Truth is, therefore, one of the central subjects in philosophy. It is also one of the largest. Truth has been a topic of discussion in its own right for thousands of years. Moreover, a huge variety of issues in philosophy relate to truth, either by relying on theses about truth, or implying theses about truth.
As Aristotle said, ‘I love my teacher Plato, but I love the truth more.’
Epistemology is the investigation into the grounds and nature of knowledge itself. The study of epistemology focuses on our means for acquiring knowledge and how we can differentiate between truth and falsehood. Today epistemology generally involves a debate between rationalism and empiricism, or the question of whether knowledge can be acquired a priori or a posteriori:
Rationalism: knowledge can be acquired through the use of reason.
Empiricism: knowledge is obtained through experience.
Theists tend to be much more willing to accept rationalism, believing that ‘truth’ can be attained through revelations, mysticism, faith, etc. During early Renaissance (rebirth) period, the search for truth began to shift from religion to science. Whereas truth had always been determined in reference to something else - God, universal intelligence, natural law, reason or nature - man became, to borrow a phrase from the Greek Sophist Protagoras, ‘the measure of all things.’
The modern world searched for truth scientifically. Modernism possessed a confident worldview. Believing that nothing exists beyond what our senses can perceive, modernists determined truth as they experienced it. Modernism, with its unconditional belief in objective reality, saw truth as the result of statements that could be either proved or disproved.
惊异哲学已经融入前现代哲学。哲学家如柏拉图与亚里士多德以惊异之预感来接近现实。就是说，先假设知识存在，而知识是以真理之存在作为必要条件的。
所以真理是哲学的中心课题之一。它也是最大的课题之一。几千年来，它都是一个独立存在的讨论课题。并且，哲学上很多争论都关系到真理，要不是依据真理的学说，就是暗用真理的学说。
就如亚里士多德所说：‘吾爱吾师柏拉图，吾更爱真理。’
知识论就是对知识本质与依据的研究。知识论的学说的焦点是获取知识的方法与我们如何分辨出真理与妄语。现代知识论一般干涉到理性主义与经验主义的辩论，或者关于知识的获得是先验还是后验的问题。
理性主义：知识是从推理中获得。
经验主义：知识是从经验中获得。
有神论者在很大的程度上愿意接受理性主义，相信真理可从启示、神秘、信念，等中推理获得。文艺复兴（新生）初期，真理的寻找开始由宗教转向科学。从前，真理由某些参照物来决定，如上帝、普世智慧、自然法则、理念或者自然。现在，借用普罗塔哥拉德话，人‘是万物的尺度’，或者人是万物之本。
现代世界以科学方法寻找真理。现在主义者拥有信心满足的世界观。现代主义者相信在我们感官知觉以外没有存在物，他们以他们所经验到的来决定真理。现代主义者无条件的接受客观现实，把真理看成是哪些可证明或不可证明的陈述。
.
We noted that the western philosophy began in wonder. It is said that wonder is the special affection of a philosopher; for philosophy has no other starting point than this.
The philosophy of wonder is wedded to pre-modern philosophy. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle approached reality with an aura of wonder, which assumes that knowledge exists, and that knowledge is justified according to the necessary conditions of it being true.
Truth is, therefore, one of the central subjects in philosophy. It is also one of the largest. Truth has been a topic of discussion in its own right for thousands of years. Moreover, a huge variety of issues in philosophy relate to truth, either by relying on theses about truth, or implying theses about truth.
As Aristotle said, ‘I love my teacher Plato, but I love the truth more.’
Epistemology is the investigation into the grounds and nature of knowledge itself. The study of epistemology focuses on our means for acquiring knowledge and how we can differentiate between truth and falsehood. Today epistemology generally involves a debate between rationalism and empiricism, or the question of whether knowledge can be acquired a priori or a posteriori:
Rationalism: knowledge can be acquired through the use of reason.
Empiricism: knowledge is obtained through experience.
Theists tend to be much more willing to accept rationalism, believing that ‘truth’ can be attained through revelations, mysticism, faith, etc. During early Renaissance (rebirth) period, the search for truth began to shift from religion to science. Whereas truth had always been determined in reference to something else - God, universal intelligence, natural law, reason or nature - man became, to borrow a phrase from the Greek Sophist Protagoras, ‘the measure of all things.’
The modern world searched for truth scientifically. Modernism possessed a confident worldview. Believing that nothing exists beyond what our senses can perceive, modernists determined truth as they experienced it. Modernism, with its unconditional belief in objective reality, saw truth as the result of statements that could be either proved or disproved.
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