Tuesday, June 9, 2009

忧虑的哲学与务实主义 The Philosophy of Concern and Pragmatism

我们注意到中国哲学始于一种忧虑态度的结果,这种忧虑最终导致以务实智慧来引导人类命运。所以,华人在获取、组织与转递知识中,他们的动机无疑是以人类为中心的。
自古到今,中国哲学的焦点是务实关注人与社会,关注如何生活于理想生命中与关注如何最好地组织社会。孔子(公元前551-479)与他的教导被认为是古代中国哲学思想的起源与基础。
儒学在不同环境中的适应性及其魅力表现卓越,只要是好的与实用的,它都吸收。这样,与时并进的儒学就成为华人古老经验的宝屋。因此,儒学主要的力量在于它的灵活性,这种不寻常的素质令它能够抗拒压力与面对逆境。因此,虽然时不时会黯然失色,它都能从中显现出更新的光辉。
一般而言,实用主义者趋向具体、适当、事实、行动与权力。孔子的很多言说来皆自经验的观察,就是说,这些言语来自具体与适当、事实与行动。
道家亦倾向于强调生活的实用主义。道家教导是,由于所有的物体都像流水一般,他们的性质不停地由反向转向反向,以致我们不知如何把哪一种信念区分优先次序 。所以,在没有什么是好或坏的一致信念的情况下,我们应该追求自然,就是说自然的行动。道家相信,这种追求自然的务实目标,会导致最有效益的一种生活方式。
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We noted that the Chinese philosophy began as a result of an attitude of concern, which led finally to practical wisdom for guiding human destiny. Therefore, the Chinese are decidedly anthropocentric in their motivations for the acquisition, organization and transmission of knowledge.
The central focus of Chinese philosophy throughout the ages has been a practical concern with man and society, how to live an ideal life, and how best to organize society. Confucius (551-479 BC) and his teachings are generally recognised as the genesis and bedrock of much of ancient Chinese philosophical thought.
Confucianism excels in its adaptability to varying circumstances and in its magnetism, which attracts whatever is good and useful. In this way, Confucianism, ever growing with time, has become a treasure house of the age-old experiences of the Chinese people. Hence the chief strength of Confucianism is its flexibility, a remarkable quality that enables it to resist all pressures and to face all adversities. For this reason, though suffering eclipse from time to time, it has always emerged with renewed brilliance.
It is said that a pragmatist always turns towards concreteness and adequacy, towards facts, towards action and towards power. Numerous Confucian sayings are summed up from plenty of observations on experience, that is, they turn towards the concrete and the adequacy, towards facts and actions.
The Daoists also tend to emphasize a pragmatic view of life. Daoism teaches that because all things are, like running water, constantly shifting in value from opposite to opposite we cannot prioritise one belief over another. Therefore, without any consistent idea of what good or bad might really be, we must act to emulate ‘Ziran’ (acting spontaneously). The pragmatic goal of emulating Ziran, Daoists believe, leads to a way of living that gets things achieved in the most effective and efficient way possible.

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